cern.colt.matrix.tbit

Class BitVector

java.lang.Object

cern.colt.PersistentObject

cern.colt.matrix.tbit.BitVector

All Implemented Interfaces:

Serializable, Cloneable

public class BitVector
extends PersistentObject

Fixed sized (non resizable) bitvector. Upon instance construction a bitvector is told to hold a fixed number of bits - it's size. The size can be any number (need not be a power of 2 or so). The bits of a BitVector are indexed by nonnegative integers. Any attempt to access a bit at an index<0 || index>=size() will throw an IndexOutOfBoundsException.

Individual indexed bits can be examined, set, or cleared. Subranges can quickly be extracted, copied and replaced. Quick iteration over subranges is provided by optimized internal iterators (forEach() methods). One BitVector may be used to modify the contents of another BitVector through logical AND, OR, XOR and other similar operations.

All operations consider the bits 0..size()-1 and nothing else. Operations involving two bitvectors (like AND, OR, XOR, etc.) will throw an IllegalArgumentException if the secondary bit vector has a size smaller than the receiver.

A BitVector is never automatically resized, but it can manually be grown or shrinked via setSize(...).

For use cases that need to store several bits per information entity, quick accessors are provided that interpret subranges as 64 bit long integers.

Why this class? Fist, boolean[] take one byte per stored bit. This class takes one bit per stored bit. Second, many applications find the semantics of java.util.BitSet not particularly helpful for their needs. Third, operations working on all bits of a bitvector are extremely quick. For example, on NT, Pentium Pro 200 Mhz, SunJDK1.2.2, java -classic, for two bitvectors A,B (both much larger than processor cache), the following results are obtained.

• A.and(B) i.e. A = A & B --> runs at about 35 MB/sec
• A.cardinality(), i.e. determining the selectivity, the number of bits in state "true" --> runs at about 80 MB/sec
• Similar performance for or, xor, andNot, not, copy, replace, partFromTo, indexOf, clear etc.

If you need extremely quick access to individual bits: Although getting and setting individual bits with methods get(...), set(...) and put(...)is quick, it is even quicker (but not safe) to use getQuick(...) and putQuick(...) or even QuickBitVector.

Note that this implementation is not synchronized.

Version:

1.01, 11/10/99

Author:

wolfgang.hoschek@cern.ch

See Also:

QuickBitVector, BitMatrix, BitSet, Serialized Form

Constructor Summary

Constructors

Constructor and Description
BitVector(int size) Constructs a bit vector that holds size bits.
BitVector(long[] bits, int size) You normally need not use this method.

Method Summary

Methods

Modifier and Type	Method and Description
void	and(BitVector other) Performs a logical AND of the receiver with another bit vector (A = A & B).
void	andNot(BitVector other) Clears all of the bits in receiver whose corresponding bit is set in the other bitvector (A = A \ B).
int	cardinality() Returns the number of bits currently in the true state.
void	clear() Clears all bits of the receiver.
void	clear(int bitIndex) Changes the bit with index bitIndex to the "clear" ( false) state.
Object	clone() Cloning this BitVector produces a new BitVector that is equal to it.
BitVector	copy() Returns a deep copy of the receiver; calls clone() and casts the result.
long[]	elements() You normally need not use this method.
void	elements(long[] bits, int size) You normally need not use this method.
boolean	equals(Object obj) Compares this object against the specified object.
boolean	forEachIndexFromToInState(int from, int to, boolean state, IntProcedure procedure) Applies a procedure to each bit index within the specified range that holds a bit in the given state.
boolean	get(int bitIndex) Returns from the bitvector the value of the bit with the specified index.
long	getLongFromTo(int from, int to) Returns a long value representing bits of the receiver from index from to index to.
boolean	getQuick(int bitIndex) Returns from the bitvector the value of the bit with the specified index; WARNING: Does not check preconditions.
int	hashCode() Returns a hash code value for the receiver.
int	indexOfFromTo(int from, int to, boolean state) Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified state.
void	not() Performs a logical NOT on the bits of the receiver (A = ~A).
void	or(BitVector other) Performs a logical OR of the receiver with another bit vector (A = A | B).
BitVector	partFromTo(int from, int to) Constructs and returns a new bit vector which is a copy of the given range.
void	put(int bitIndex, boolean value) Sets the bit with index bitIndex to the state specified by value.
void	putLongFromTo(long value, int from, int to) Sets bits of the receiver from index from to index to to the bits of value.
void	putQuick(int bitIndex, boolean value) Sets the bit with index bitIndex to the state specified by value; WARNING: Does not check preconditions.
void	replaceFromToWith(int from, int to, BitVector source, int sourceFrom) Replaces the bits of the receiver in the given range with the bits of another bit vector.
void	replaceFromToWith(int from, int to, boolean value) Sets the bits in the given range to the state specified by value .
void	set(int bitIndex) Changes the bit with index bitIndex to the "set" (true) state.
void	setSize(int newSize) Shrinks or expands the receiver so that it holds newSize bits.
int	size() Returns the size of the receiver.
String	toString() Returns a string representation of the receiver.
void	xor(BitVector other) Performs a logical XOR of the receiver with another bit vector (A = A ^ B).

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait

Constructor Detail

BitVector

public BitVector(long[] bits,
         int size)

You normally need not use this method. Use this method only if performance is critical. Constructs a bit vector with the given backing bits and size. WARNING: For efficiency reasons and to keep memory usage low, the array is not copied. So if subsequently you modify the specified array directly via the [] operator, be sure you know what you're doing.

A bitvector is modelled as a long array, i.e. long[] bits holds bits of a bitvector. Each long value holds 64 bits. The i-th bit is stored in bits[i/64] at bit position i % 64 (where bit position 0 refers to the least significant bit and 63 refers to the most significant bit).

Throws:

IllegalArgumentException - if size < 0 || size > bits.length*64.

BitVector

public BitVector(int size)

Constructs a bit vector that holds size bits. All bits are initially false.

Parameters:

size - the number of bits the bit vector shall have.

Throws:

IllegalArgumentException - if size < 0.

Method Detail

and

public void and(BitVector other)

Performs a logical AND of the receiver with another bit vector (A = A & B). The receiver is modified so that a bit in it has the value true if and only if it already had the value true and the corresponding bit in the other bit vector argument has the value true.

Parameters:

other - a bit vector.

Throws:

IllegalArgumentException - if size() > other.size().

andNot

public void andNot(BitVector other)

Clears all of the bits in receiver whose corresponding bit is set in the other bitvector (A = A \ B). In other words, determines the difference (A=A\B) between two bitvectors.

Parameters:

other - a bitvector with which to mask the receiver.

Throws:

IllegalArgumentException - if size() > other.size().

cardinality

public int cardinality()

Returns the number of bits currently in the true state. Optimized for speed. Particularly quick if the receiver is either sparse or dense.

clear

public void clear()

Clears all bits of the receiver.

clear

public void clear(int bitIndex)

Changes the bit with index bitIndex to the "clear" ( false) state.

Parameters:

bitIndex - the index of the bit to be cleared.

Throws:

IndexOutOfBoundsException - if bitIndex<0 || bitIndex>=size()

clone

public Object clone()

Cloning this BitVector produces a new BitVector that is equal to it. The clone of the bit vector is another bit vector that has exactly the same bits set to true as this bit vector and the same current size, but independent state.

Overrides:

clone in class PersistentObject

Returns:

a deep copy of this bit vector.

copy

public BitVector copy()

Returns a deep copy of the receiver; calls clone() and casts the result.

Returns:

a deep copy of the receiver.

elements

public long[] elements()

You normally need not use this method. Use this method only if performance is critical. Returns the bit vector's backing bits. WARNING: For efficiency reasons and to keep memory usage low, the array is not copied. So if subsequently you modify the returned array directly via the [] operator, be sure you know what you're doing.

A bitvector is modelled as a long array, i.e. long[] bits holds bits of a bitvector. Each long value holds 64 bits. The i-th bit is stored in bits[i/64] at bit position i % 64 (where bit position 0 refers to the least significant bit and 63 refers to the most significant bit).

elements

public void elements(long[] bits,
            int size)

You normally need not use this method. Use this method only if performance is critical. Sets the bit vector's backing bits and size. WARNING: For efficiency reasons and to keep memory usage low, the array is not copied. So if subsequently you modify the specified array directly via the [] operator, be sure you know what you're doing.

A bitvector is modelled as a long array, i.e. long[] bits holds bits of a bitvector. Each long value holds 64 bits. The i-th bit is stored in bits[i/64] at bit position i % 64 (where bit position 0 refers to the least significant bit and 63 refers to the most significant bit).

Parameters:

bits - the backing bits of the bit vector.

size - the number of bits the bit vector shall hold.

Throws:

IllegalArgumentException - if size < 0 || size > bits.length*64.

equals

public boolean equals(Object obj)

Compares this object against the specified object. The result is true if and only if the argument is not null and is a BitVector object that has the same size as the receiver and the same bits set to true as the receiver. That is, for every nonnegative int index k,

 ((BitVector) obj).get(k) == this.get(k)
 

must be true.

Overrides:

equals in class Object

Parameters:

obj - the object to compare with.

Returns:

true if the objects are the same; false otherwise.

forEachIndexFromToInState

public boolean forEachIndexFromToInState(int from,
                                int to,
                                boolean state,
                                IntProcedure procedure)

Applies a procedure to each bit index within the specified range that holds a bit in the given state. Starts at index from, moves rightwards to to. Useful, for example, if you want to copy bits into an image or somewhere else.

Optimized for speed. Particularly quick if one of the following conditions holds

• state==true and the receiver is sparse ( cardinality() is small compared to size()).
• state==false and the receiver is dense ( cardinality() is large compared to size()).

Parameters:

from - the leftmost search position, inclusive.

to - the rightmost search position, inclusive.

state - element to search for.

procedure - a procedure object taking as argument the current bit index. Stops iteration if the procedure returns false, otherwise continues.

Returns:

false if the procedure stopped before all elements where iterated over, true otherwise.

Throws:

IndexOutOfBoundsException - if ( size()>0 && (from<0 || from>to || to>=size()) ).

get

public boolean get(int bitIndex)

Returns from the bitvector the value of the bit with the specified index. The value is true if the bit with the index bitIndex is currently set; otherwise, returns false.

Parameters:

bitIndex - the bit index.

Returns:

the value of the bit with the specified index.

Throws:

IndexOutOfBoundsException - if bitIndex<0 || bitIndex>=size()

getLongFromTo

public long getLongFromTo(int from,
                 int to)

Returns a long value representing bits of the receiver from index from to index to. Bits are returned as a long value with the return value having bit 0 set to bit from, ..., bit to-from set to bit to. All other bits of the return value are set to 0. If to-from+1==0 then returns zero ( 0L).

Parameters:

from - index of start bit (inclusive).

to - index of end bit (inclusive).

Returns:

the specified bits as long value.

Throws:

IndexOutOfBoundsException - if from<0 || from>=size() || to<0 || to>=size() || to-from+1<0 || to-from+1>64

getQuick

public boolean getQuick(int bitIndex)

Returns from the bitvector the value of the bit with the specified index; WARNING: Does not check preconditions. The value is true if the bit with the index bitIndex is currently set; otherwise, returns false.

Provided with invalid parameters this method may return invalid values without throwing any exception. You should only use this method when you are absolutely sure that the index is within bounds. Precondition (unchecked): bitIndex >= 0 && bitIndex < size().

Parameters:

bitIndex - the bit index.

Returns:

the value of the bit with the specified index.

hashCode

public int hashCode()

Returns a hash code value for the receiver. The hash code depends only on which bits have been set within the receiver. The algorithm used to compute it may be described as follows.

Suppose the bits in the receiver were to be stored in an array of long integers called, say, bits, in such a manner that bit k is set in the receiver (for nonnegative values of k) if and only if the expression

 ((k >> 6) < bits.length) && ((bits[k >> 6] & (1L << (bit & 0x3F))) != 0)
 

is true. Then the following definition of the hashCode method would be a correct implementation of the actual algorithm:

 public int hashCode() {
     long h = 1234;
     for (int i = bits.length; --i >= 0;) {
         h ˆ= bits[i] * (i + 1);
     }
     return (int) ((h >> 32) ˆ h);
 }
 

Note that the hash code values change if the set of bits is altered.

Overrides:

hashCode in class Object

Returns:

a hash code value for the receiver.

indexOfFromTo

public int indexOfFromTo(int from,
                int to,
                boolean state)

Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified state. Returns -1 if the receiver does not contain this state. Searches between from, inclusive and to, inclusive.

Optimized for speed. Preliminary performance (200Mhz Pentium Pro, JDK 1.2, NT): size=10^6, from=0, to=size-1, receiver contains matching state in the very end --> 0.002 seconds elapsed time.

Parameters:

state - state to search for.

from - the leftmost search position, inclusive.

to - the rightmost search position, inclusive.

Returns:

the index of the first occurrence of the element in the receiver; returns -1 if the element is not found.

Throws:

IndexOutOfBoundsException - if ( size()>0 && (from<0 || from>to || to>=size()) ).

not

public void not()

Performs a logical NOT on the bits of the receiver (A = ~A).

or

public void or(BitVector other)

Performs a logical OR of the receiver with another bit vector (A = A | B). The receiver is modified so that a bit in it has the value true if and only if it either already had the value true or the corresponding bit in the other bit vector argument has the value true.

Parameters:

other - a bit vector.

Throws:

IllegalArgumentException - if size() > other.size().

partFromTo

public BitVector partFromTo(int from,
                   int to)

Constructs and returns a new bit vector which is a copy of the given range. The new bitvector has size()==to-from+1.

Parameters:

from - the start index within the receiver, inclusive.

to - the end index within the receiver, inclusive.

Throws:

IndexOutOfBoundsException - if size()>0 && (from<0 || from>to || to>=size())) .

put

public void put(int bitIndex,
       boolean value)

Sets the bit with index bitIndex to the state specified by value.

Parameters:

bitIndex - the index of the bit to be changed.

value - the value to be stored in the bit.

Throws:

IndexOutOfBoundsException - if bitIndex<0 || bitIndex>=size()

putLongFromTo

public void putLongFromTo(long value,
                 int from,
                 int to)

Sets bits of the receiver from index from to index to to the bits of value. Bit from is set to bit 0 of value, ..., bit to is set to bit to-from of value. All other bits stay unaffected. If to-from+1==0 then does nothing.

Parameters:

value - the value to be copied into the receiver.

from - index of start bit (inclusive).

to - index of end bit (inclusive).

Throws:

IndexOutOfBoundsException - if from<0 || from>=size() || to<0 || to>=size() || to-from+1<0 || to-from+1>64 .

putQuick

public void putQuick(int bitIndex,
            boolean value)

Sets the bit with index bitIndex to the state specified by value; WARNING: Does not check preconditions.

Provided with invalid parameters this method may set invalid values without throwing any exception. You should only use this method when you are absolutely sure that the index is within bounds. Precondition (unchecked): bitIndex >= 0 && bitIndex < size().

Parameters:

bitIndex - the index of the bit to be changed.

value - the value to be stored in the bit.

replaceFromToWith

public void replaceFromToWith(int from,
                     int to,
                     BitVector source,
                     int sourceFrom)

Replaces the bits of the receiver in the given range with the bits of another bit vector. Replaces the range [from,to] with the contents of the range [sourceFrom,sourceFrom+to-from], all inclusive. If source==this and the source and destination range intersect in an ambiguous way, then replaces as if using an intermediate auxiliary copy of the receiver.

Optimized for speed. Preliminary performance (200Mhz Pentium Pro, JDK 1.2, NT): replace 10^6 ill aligned bits --> 0.02 seconds elapsed time.

Parameters:

from - the start index within the receiver, inclusive.

to - the end index within the receiver, inclusive.

source - the source bitvector to copy from.

sourceFrom - the start index within source, inclusive.

Throws:

IndexOutOfBoundsException - if size()>0 && (from<0 || from>to || to>=size() || sourceFrom<0 || sourceFrom+to-from+1>source.size())) .

replaceFromToWith

public void replaceFromToWith(int from,
                     int to,
                     boolean value)

Sets the bits in the given range to the state specified by value .

Optimized for speed. Preliminary performance (200Mhz Pentium Pro, JDK 1.2, NT): replace 10^6 ill aligned bits --> 0.002 seconds elapsed time.

Parameters:

from - the start index, inclusive.

to - the end index, inclusive.

value - the value to be stored in the bits of the range.

Throws:

IndexOutOfBoundsException - if size()>0 && (from<0 || from>to || to>=size()) .

set

public void set(int bitIndex)

Changes the bit with index bitIndex to the "set" (true) state.

Parameters:

bitIndex - the index of the bit to be set.

Throws:

IndexOutOfBoundsException - if bitIndex<0 || bitIndex>=size()

setSize

public void setSize(int newSize)

Shrinks or expands the receiver so that it holds newSize bits. If the receiver is expanded, additional false bits are added to the end. If the receiver is shrinked, all bits between the old size and the new size are lost; their memory is subject to garbage collection. (This method introduces a new backing array of elements. WARNING: if you have more than one BitVector or BitMatrix sharing identical backing elements, be sure you know what you are doing.)

Parameters:

newSize - the number of bits the bit vector shall have.

Throws:

IllegalArgumentException - if size < 0.

size

public int size()

Returns the size of the receiver.

toString

public String toString()

Returns a string representation of the receiver. For every index for which the receiver contains a bit in the "set" (true) state, the decimal representation of that index is included in the result. Such indeces are listed in order from lowest to highest, separated by ", " (a comma and a space) and surrounded by braces.

Overrides:

toString in class Object

Returns:

a string representation of this bit vector.

xor

public void xor(BitVector other)

Performs a logical XOR of the receiver with another bit vector (A = A ^ B). The receiver is modified so that a bit in it has the value true if and only if one of the following statements holds:

• The bit initially has the value true, and the corresponding bit in the argument has the value false.
• The bit initially has the value false, and the corresponding bit in the argument has the value true.

Parameters:

other - a bit vector.

Throws:

IllegalArgumentException - if size() > other.size().